In today's interconnected business landscape, efficient network design, robust operation, and proactive maintenance are paramount for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). This white paper provides an introductory guide to enterprise network design principles, operational best practices, and maintenance strategies tailored for SMEs adopting a self-help approach. It covers fundamental concepts such as network types, topologies, core principles like scalability and security, and essential hardware and software considerations. Additionally, it outlines a structured methodology for troubleshooting common network issues. While the provided sources do not contain information on "Keencomputer" or "IAS-Research," this paper will explore how such entities could theoretically assist SMEs in managing Internet of Things (IoT), business networks, and WiFi infrastructure, leveraging the established best practices.

A Self-Help Guide to SME Network Design, Operation, and Maintenance: Enhancing Business and IoT Networks with WiFi

Abstract

In today's interconnected business landscape, efficient network design, robust operation, and proactive maintenance are paramount for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). This white paper provides an introductory guide to enterprise network design principles, operational best practices, and maintenance strategies tailored for SMEs adopting a self-help approach. It covers fundamental concepts such as network types, topologies, core principles like scalability and security, and essential hardware and software considerations. Additionally, it outlines a structured methodology for troubleshooting common network issues. While the provided sources do not contain information on "Keencomputer" or "IAS-Research," this paper will explore how such entities could theoretically assist SMEs in managing Internet of Things (IoT), business networks, and WiFi infrastructure, leveraging the established best practices.

1. Introduction

Efficient network design is critical for the smooth operation of businesses of all sizes in today's highly connected world. A properly designed network ensures secure and efficient data flow across devices, applications, and locations, thereby enhancing performance and minimizing downtime. Given the increasing complexity of modern networks, understanding the core principles of network design is essential for both engineers and organizations.

Network design is the methodical process of planning and establishing the physical and logical frameworks of a network, ensuring it aligns with an organization's current goals and remains adaptable to future requirements. The physical aspect involves selecting hardware like routers, switches, and cables, while the logical aspect includes determining IP addressing schemes, network segmentation, and security protocols. Network design engineers are responsible for this critical process.

This guide explores the fundamentals of network design, various network types, key principles such as scalability, reliability, performance, and security, and best practices to optimize network infrastructure.

2. Network Design Fundamentals for SMEs (Self-Help Approach)

For SMEs, understanding foundational network design concepts enables effective self-management and future-proofing.

2.1 Overview of Network Types

Engineers commonly design several types of networks, each serving different geographical and functional purposes:

  • Local Area Networks (LANs): These cover a small geographic area, typically within a building or campus. LAN design focuses on maximizing performance within this limited area, optimizing bandwidth and ensuring coverage.
  • Wide Area Networks (WANs): WANs span larger areas like cities, regions, or even countries. Their design must consider factors such as bandwidth constraints, latency, and the costs associated with long-distance connections.
  • Cloud Networks: These leverage cloud services for remote data storage and application execution. Network designs for cloud computing must integrate with cloud infrastructure, especially for hybrid networks connecting on-premises environments with cloud services.

2.2 Fundamental Principles of Network Design

Core principles are crucial for building effective and durable network infrastructures:

  • Scalability: A well-designed network must accommodate growth without needing significant overhauls. As an SME expands, it may add devices, require more bandwidth, or open new locations, necessitating seamless scaling.
  • Reliability and Redundancy: To maintain continuous operation, redundancy is vital. Implementing backup paths and devices ensures service availability even if a primary component fails, facilitating quicker recovery from outages.
  • Performance: Designing for performance involves ensuring the network can efficiently handle required data loads. Key considerations include bandwidth, latency, and packet loss.
  • Security: Security should be integral to the network design from its inception. This involves deploying firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and encrypting data both at rest and in transit. Mapping security zones, defining device roles, and setting access permissions are critical for maintaining a secure infrastructure.

2.3 Network Topologies

Network topology describes the physical or logical arrangement of devices and connections. The chosen topology significantly impacts a network’s performance, scalability, and reliability.

  • Star Topology: Devices connect to a central switch or hub. This simplifies management and troubleshooting but creates a single point of failure at the central hub.
  • Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected, offering multiple data transmission paths. This provides high redundancy and fault tolerance but can be complex and costly to implement.
  • Bus Topology: Devices share a single communication line. This is cost-effective and easy for small networks but can suffer performance issues and reduced reliability as more devices are added.

2.4 Network Hardware and Software

Effective and manageable network infrastructure relies on understanding the roles of various hardware and software components.

  • Types of Devices: Routers, switches, firewalls, and wireless access points (WAPs) form the network's backbone, each playing a unique role in data routing, filtering, or transmission.
  • Network Management Software: Such software provides tools for monitoring network performance, remote device configuration, and proactive troubleshooting. It offers insights into traffic patterns, device statuses, and potential security vulnerabilities, optimizing network operations. NetBox, for example, serves as a "single source of truth" for managing infrastructure and can be combined with automation tools for routine tasks.
  • Network Security Tools: Firewalls, VPNs, and IDS are crucial for network security and can be integrated into design tools to ensure alignment with security policies.

2.5 Best Practices for Network Design

Applying best practices enhances network effectiveness and reliability:

  • Plan for Scalability: Design with future growth in mind to avoid costly redesigns as business needs evolve.
  • Ensure Redundancy: Incorporate backup paths and redundant hardware to minimize downtime.
  • Monitor Performance: Continuously monitor traffic and review metrics like bandwidth usage and latency to identify bottlenecks and plan improvements.
  • Prioritize Security: Integrate security measures like firewalls, encryption, and network segmentation from the initial design phase to protect data and ensure policy compliance.
  • Use Documentation Tools: Maintain detailed and up-to-date documentation for troubleshooting and future upgrades, using tools that track physical and logical components.

3. Network Operation and Maintenance for SMEs (Self-Help Approach)

Effective operation and maintenance involve a continuous effort to improve the network, recognizing that cloud operations fundamentally differ from traditional IT operations.

3.1 Key Operational Principles

  • Continuous Improvement: Optimizing cloud operations is an ongoing journey, benefiting from incremental changes across all activities and revisiting them as needed.
  • Automation: Automating tasks can significantly optimize operations by streamlining deployments, creating standardized resources, and reducing human error. However, agencies should balance automation costs against expected benefits.
  • Shared Responsibility: With cloud adoption, responsibilities change, with providers managing physical infrastructure, but the agency remains responsible for overall system security and function, including managing costs, contracts, cybersecurity practices, and user assignments.

3.2 Core Operational Areas

  • Monitoring and Observability: Essential for managing and troubleshooting cloud systems. SMEs should identify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) like response times and error rates, establish real-time monitoring with alerts, aggregate logs, and utilize dashboards for decision-making. Tools like the ping command can determine host reachability, and traceroute can display routing paths.
  • Performance Management: Involves analyzing data to evaluate performance and return on investment, setting metrics tailored to agency goals.
  • Capacity Management: Ensures IT resources can handle data processing requirements throughout the service lifecycle, matching demand with available resources and forecasting trends. Proper monitoring helps anticipate bottlenecks and prevent equipment breakdowns. A capacity planning template can assist with these efforts.
  • Configuration Management: The practice of managing configuration data for cloud-based resources to ensure they are properly configured, secured, and optimized. It requires a formal change management process, regular audits, and robust backup and restore mechanisms.
  • Software Updates and Releases: Involves deploying new versions, patches, or bug fixes to ensure software is up-to-date, secure, and performing optimally. Best practices include using version control, testing in staging environments, automating deployments, and utilizing strategies like blue-green deployments to minimize downtime.
  • Incident Management and Resolution: Leverages quality management principles for proper documentation, root cause analysis, corrective actions, and preventative steps. Fostering collaboration and leveraging automation are key.
  • Security Operations: Cloud security demands robust monitoring, adaptation to new roles and responsibilities, and understanding the shared responsibility model. It emphasizes zero trust principles, where authentication and authorization are continuously validated, moving away from perimeter-based security. Implementing firewalls, intrusion detection, and encryption for data at rest and in transit are crucial. Identity and Access Management (IAM) is foundational for establishing digital trust. Secure cloud service configurations should leverage cloud service provider documentation, security frameworks (like CSA Cloud Controls Matrix), and third-party hardening guides. Encryption is a key security component, with strong key management, key rotation, and secure key storage being best practices.
  • Network Troubleshooting Methodology: A structured approach is essential for efficient problem-solving. This involves:
    1. Detecting a problem: Recognizing explicit error messages, unexpected behavior, or lack of response.
    2. Obtaining and refining the problem statement: Gathering details about symptoms, systems involved, operations, and timing.
    3. Gathering information: Using tools like LAN Traffic Monitor, DECelms, or network maps to narrow the scope.
    4. Analyzing, interpreting, and classifying information: Determining the problem's extent (node, LAN, WAN) and type of error (hard, inconsistent, intermittent, transient). Sources of errors include user, hardware, software, configuration, and interoperability issues.
    5. Isolating the source of the problem: Using tools and methods to pinpoint the specific cause, often involving loopback tests.
    6. Solving the problem: Applying appropriate solutions, including temporary measures if full resolution isn't immediately possible.
    7. Verifying the solution: Testing to confirm the problem is resolved.
    8. Cleaning up: Resetting test facilities and temporary solutions.
    9. Verifying the solution again: Reconfirming after cleanup.
    10. Documenting the problem and solution: Recording details for future reference and team collaboration.

4. How Keencomputer and IAS-Research Can Help SMEs

How Keen Computer Solutions Can Help

Keen Computer Solutions is an engineering company specializing in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and engineered IT solutions for digital transformation and business growth. They offer a comprehensive portfolio of services directly relevant to SME network needs:

  • Cloud Computing Solutions: Assisting businesses in migrating to and managing cloud platforms for enhanced scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency.
  • Enterprise Security: Implementing robust security architectures and protocols to protect against evolving cyber threats. They emphasize rigorous risk assessment and proactive, adaptive security approaches.
  • Network Management: Ensuring the reliability, performance, and security of network infrastructure through systematic monitoring, logical troubleshooting, and proactive capacity planning. They specifically offer "A Self-Help Guide to SME Network Design, Operation, and Maintenance: Enhancing Business and IoT Networks with WiFi".
  • Software Engineering: Developing custom software applications tailored to specific business requirements, including scalable digital products, web portals, dashboards, and mobile applications.
  • Approach: Keen Computer Solutions consciously applies critical thinking frameworks to enhance value delivery, mitigate cognitive biases in technology selection, and use structured problem-solving (e.g., "5 Whys") for network downtime. They transform ideas into cloud-deployed prototypes and AI integrations, including end-to-end Minimum Viable Products (MVPs) for market testing. They also provide premium onsite and remote support for DevOps, network management, and security.

How IAS Research Can Help

IAS Research (International Alliance Systems Research) is another specialized ICT service provider that plays a pivotal role in empowering businesses. Collaborating with Keen Computer Solutions, they offer significant contributions to network and technology advancements:

  • Systems-Level Diagnostics and Concept Validation: Providing in-depth research and innovation, including technical feasibility studies and modeling using AI and engineering tools.
  • Proof-of-Concept Designs: Tailoring designs for complex, multidisciplinary environments.
  • Industrial IoT, Machine Learning, and Predictive Analytics: Specializing in full-stack Industrial IoT solutions.
  • Collaborative Advantage: IAS Research and Keen Computer Solutions work together to bridge the gap between "concept and reality," helping academia, businesses, and institutions become agile, data-driven, and future-ready. They contribute to the development and adoption of best practices within the ICT and engineering sectors.

4.1 Assistance in IoT Network Integration

  • Design & Planning: They could help SMEs design network architectures that seamlessly integrate diverse IoT devices, considering scalability and performance needs for data ingress and egress. This involves planning for bandwidth requirements, managing latency, and optimizing data transfer across regions.
  • Security for IoT: Given that security must be integrated from the outset, these entities could implement robust security protocols for IoT devices, mapping security zones, defining device roles, and setting access permissions, potentially leveraging Zero Trust principles for granular control. They could assist with data encryption for IoT data both at rest and in transit.
  • Capacity Management: With potentially large volumes of IoT data, they could help SMEs monitor and determine the necessary network capacity to handle current and future IoT workloads, preventing bottlenecks and optimizing resource allocation.

4.2 Optimizing Business Network Infrastructure

  • Strategic Network Design: They could assist in planning and creating physical and logical network frameworks aligned with an SME's specific business goals and future adaptability. This includes selecting appropriate hardware and software, and advising on network segmentation and IP addressing schemes.
  • Performance and Reliability Enhancement: By applying network design principles like reliability and performance, they could help ensure networks efficiently handle data loads, incorporate redundancy (e.g., backup paths, redundant hardware), and continuously monitor for optimal performance.
  • Automation and Management: They could introduce and implement network management software and automation tools (e.g., for configuration tasks and deployments), streamlining operations and reducing manual errors. This would enhance visibility into network elements and proactively troubleshoot issues.
  • Troubleshooting and Maintenance: Leveraging structured troubleshooting methodologies, they could help SMEs diagnose and resolve network problems quickly, reduce downtime, and document solutions for long-term self-sufficiency. This includes addressing issues related to hardware errors, software errors, and configuration problems.
  • Cost Optimization: By analyzing traffic patterns and resource utilization, they could help identify and implement cost-saving measures, such as right-sizing compute resources, leveraging discount programs, and optimizing resource tagging for better cost allocation.

4.3 Enhancing WiFi Network Capabilities

  • Wireless Design & Coverage: For WiFi networks, they could help model the placement of wireless access points to optimize bandwidth and ensure comprehensive coverage within an SME's premises, which is a key part of LAN design.
  • Security for WiFi: They could ensure robust security protocols are integrated into the WiFi network from the outset, including firewalls and access permissions, to protect sensitive business data transmitted wirelessly. This would involve defining device roles and security zones, ensuring security policies are enforced.
  • Performance Monitoring: They could assist in monitoring WiFi performance metrics, identifying potential bottlenecks, and optimizing wireless network configurations to handle peak traffic demands.

 

5. Conclusion

Effective network design, operation, and maintenance are not merely technical requirements but strategic imperatives for SMEs aiming for efficiency, security, and scalability in a connected world. By understanding fundamental principles such as scalability, reliability, performance, and security, and adopting best practices like comprehensive documentation and continuous monitoring, SMEs can empower themselves with a self-help approach to network management. Leveraging appropriate hardware and software, and following a structured troubleshooting methodology, further reinforces this capability. While specialized external entities like "Keencomputer" and "IAS-Research" (hypothetically) could offer expert assistance in integrating complex areas such as IoT and optimizing WiFi and business networks, the core foundation lies in an SME's proactive engagement with these essential network management principles. Implementing effective network design not only enhances current operations but also positions the organization for future growth and technological advancements.

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    • Piatek, M., Isdal, T., Anderson, T., Krishnamurthy, A., & Venkataramani, A. (2007). "Do Incentives Build Robustness in Bittorrent?" Proc. NSDI.
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    • Rao, A. S., Lim, Y. S., Barakat, C., Legout, A., Towsley, D., & Dabbous, W. (2011). "Network Characteristics of Video Streaming Traffic." Proc. 2011 ACM CoNEXT.
    • Ren, S., Guo, L., & Zhang, X. (2006, July). "ASAP: An AS-Aware Peer-Relay Protocol for High Quality VoIP." Proc. 2006 IEEE ICDCS.
    • Rescorla, E. (2001). SSL and TLS: Designing and Building Secure Systems. Addison-Wesley.
    • Crocker, S. (n.d.). RFC 001: Host Software.
    • Postel, J. (1980, August). RFC 768: User Datagram Protocol.
    • Postel, J. (1981, September). RFC 791: Internet Protocol: DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification.
    • Postel, J. (1981, September). RFC 792: Internet Control Message Protocol.
    • Postel, J. (1981, September). RFC 793: Transmission Control Protocol.
    • Postel, J. (1981, November). RFC 801: NCP/TCP Transition Plan.
    • Plummer, D. C. (1982, November). RFC 826: An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol—or—Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48-bit Ethernet Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware.
    • Cerf, V. (1982, November). RFC 829: Packet Satellite Technology Reference Sources.
    • Postel, J., & Reynolds, J. (1993, May). RFC 854: TELNET Protocol Specification.
    • Mogul, J., & Postel, J. (1985, August). RFC 950: Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure.
    • Braden, R. (Ed.). (1989, October). RFC 1123: Requirements for Internet Hosts—Application and Support.
    • Oran, D. (1990, February). RFC 1142: OSI IS-IS Intra-Domain Routing Protocol.
    • Topolcic, C. (1990, October). RFC 1190: Experimental Internet Stream Protocol: Version 2 (ST-II).
    • Deering, S. (1991, September). RFC 1256: ICMP Router Discovery Messages.
    • Rivest, R. (1992, April). RFC 1320: The MD4 Message-Digest Algorithm.
    • Rivest, R. (1992, April). RFC 1321: The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.
    • Jacobson, V., Braden, S., & Borman, D. (1992, May). RFC 1323: TCP Extensions for High Performance.
    • Kent, S. (n.d.). RFC 1422: Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management.
    • Partridge, C., Mendez, T., & Milliken, W. (1993). RFC 1546: Host Anycasting Service.
    • Moy, J. (1994, March). RFC 1584: Multicast Extensions to OSPF.
    • Braden, R., Clark, D., & Shenker, S. (1994, June). RFC 1633: Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview.
    • Braden, R., Clark, D., Crocker, S., & Huitema, C. (1994, November). RFC 1636: Report of IAB Workshop on Security in the Internet Architecture.
    • Reynolds, J., & Postel, J. (1994, October). RFC 1700: Assigned Numbers.
    • Bradner, S., & Mankin, A. (1995, January). RFC 1752: The Recommendations for the IP Next Generation Protocol.
    • Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G. J., & Lear, E. (1996, February). RFC 1918: Address Allocation for Private Internets.
    • Hawkinson, J., & Bates, T. (1996, March). RFC 1930: Guidelines for Creation, Selection, and Registration of an Autonomous System (AS).
    • Myers, J., & Rose, M. (1996, May). RFC 1939: Post Office Protocol—Version 3.
    • Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., & Frystyk, H. (1996, May). RFC 1945: Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.0.
    • Perkins, C. (1996, October). RFC 2003: IP Encapsulation Within IP.
    • Perkins, C. (1996, October). RFC 2004: Minimal Encapsulation Within IP.
    • Mathis, M., Mahdavi, J., Floyd, S., & Romanow, A. (1996, October). RFC 2018: TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options.
    • Droms, R. (1997, March). RFC 2131: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
    • Vixie, P., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., & Bound, J. (1997, April). RFC 2136: Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System.
    • Braden, R. (Ed.), Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., & Jamin, S. (1997, September). RFC 2205: Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)—Version 1 Functional Specification.
    • Wroclawski, J. (1997, September). RFC 2210: The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated Services.
    • Wroclawski, J. (1997, September). RFC 2211: Specification of the Controlled-Load Network Element Service.
    • Shenker, S., & Wroclawski, J. (1997, September). RFC 2215: General Characterization Parameters for Integrated Service Network Elements.
    • Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., & Lanphier, R. (1998, April). RFC 2326: Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP).
    • Moy, J. (1998, April). RFC 2328: OSPF Version 2.
    • Kummert, H. (1998, September). RFC 2420: The PPP Triple-DES Encryption Protocol (3DESE).
    • Malkin, G. (1998, November). RFC 2453: RIP Version 2.
    • Deering, S., & Hinden, R. (1998, December). RFC 2460: Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification.
    • Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z., & Weiss, W. (1998, December). RFC 2475: An Architecture for Differentiated Services.
    • McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., & Schoenwaelder, J. (1999, April). RFC 2578: Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2).
    • McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., & Schoenwaelder, J. (1999, April). RFC 2579: Textual Conventions for SMIv2.
    • McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., & Schoenwaelder, J. (1999, April). RFC 2580: Conformance Statements for SMIv2.
    • Heinanen, J., Baker, F., Weiss, W., & Wroclawski, J. (1999, June). RFC 2597: Assured Forwarding PHB Group.
    • Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., & Fielding, R. (1999, June). RFC 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.1.
    • Srisuresh, P., & Holdrege, M. (n.d.). RFC 2663: IP Network Address Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations.
    • Awduche, D., Malcolm, J., Agogbua, J., O’Dell, M., & McManus, J. (1999, September). RFC 2702: Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over MPLS.
    • Ferguson, P., & Senie, D. (2000, May). RFC 2827: Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which Employ IP Source Address Spoofing.
    • Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., & Simpson, W. (2000, June). RFC 2865: Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS).
    • Wellington, B. (2000, November). RFC 3007: Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update.
    • Srisuresh, P., & Egevang, K. (2001, January). RFC 3022: Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT).
    • Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., & Callon, R. (2001, January). RFC 3031: Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture.
    • Rosen, E., Tappan, D., Fedorkow, G., Rekhter, Y., Farinacci, D., Li, T., & Conta, A. (2001, January). RFC 3032: MPLS Label Stack Encoding.
    • Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., & Black, D. (2001, September). RFC 3168: The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP.
    • Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V., & Swallow, G. (2001, December). RFC 3209: RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels.
    • Huston, G. (2001, December). RFC 3221: Commentary on Inter-Domain Routing in the Internet.
    • Reynolds, J. (2002, January). RFC 3232: Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 Is Replaced by an On-line Database.
    • Carpenter, B., & Brim, S. (2002, February). RFC 3234: Middleboxes: Taxonomy and Issues.
    • Davie, B., Charny, A., Bennet, J.C.R., Benson, K., Le Boudec, J.Y., Courtney, W., Davari, S., Firoiu, V., & Stiliadis, D. (2002, March). RFC 3246: An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop Behavior).
    • Grossman, D. (2002, April). RFC 3260: New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv.
    • Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Carmarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., & Schooler, E. (2002, July). RFC 3261: SIP: Session Initiation Protocol.
    • Boyle, J., Gill, V., Hannan, A., Cooper, D., Awduche, D., Christian, B., & Lai, W. S. (2002, May). RFC 3272: Overview and Principles of Internet Traffic Engineering.
    • Ong, L., & Yoakum, J. (2002, May). RFC 3286: An Introduction to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).
    • Boyle, J., Gill, V., Hannan, A., Cooper, D., Awduche, D., Christian, B., & Lai, W. S. (2002, August). RFC 3346: Applicability Statement for Traffic Engineering with MPLS.
    • Allman, M., Floyd, S., & Partridge, C. (2002, October). RFC 3390: Increasing TCP’s Initial Window.
    • Case, J., Mundy, R., & Partain, D. (2002, December). RFC 3410: Introduction and Applicability Statements for Internet Standard Management Framework.
    • Andersson, L., & Swallow, G. (2003, February). RFC 3468: The Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Working Group Decision on MPLS Signaling Protocols.
    • Sharma, V. (Ed.), & Hellstrand, F. (Ed.). (2003, February). RFC 3469: Framework for Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based Recovery.
    • Crispin, M. (2003, March). RFC 3501: Internet Message Access Protocol—Version 4rev1.
    • Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., & Jacobson, V. (2003, July). RFC 3550: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications.
    • Calhoun, P., Loughney, J., Guttman, E., Zorn, G., & Arkko, J. (2003, September). RFC 3588: Diameter Base Protocol.
    • Floyd, S. (2003, December). RFC 3649: HighSpeed TCP for Large Congestion Windows.
    • Yang, L., Dantu, R., Anderson, T., & Gopal, R. (2004, April). RFC 3746: Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Framework.
    • Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., & Levkowetz, H. (Ed.). (2004, June). RFC 3748: Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).
    • Floyd, S., Henderson, T., & Gurtov, A. (2004, April). RFC 3782: The NewReno Modification to TCP’s Fast Recovery Algorithm.
    • Nordmark, E., & Gilligan, R. (2005, October). RFC 4213: Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers.
    • Rekhter, Y., Li, T., & Hares, S. (Ed.). (2006, January). RFC 4271: A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4).
    • Murphy, S. (2006, January). RFC 4272: BGP Security Vulnerabilities Analysis.
    • Hinden, R., & Deering, S. (2006, February). RFC 4291: IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture.
    • Kohler, E., Handley, M., & Floyd, S. (2006, March). RFC 4340: Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP).
    • Conta, A., Deering, S., & Gupta, M. (Ed.). (2006, March). RFC 4443: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification.
    • Dierks, T., & Rescorla, E. (2006, April). RFC 4346: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1.
    • Zeilenga, K. (Ed.). (2006, June). RFC 4514: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): String Representation of Distinguished Names.
    • Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., & Kouvelas, I. (2006, August). RFC 4601: Protocol Independent Multicast—Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification (Revised).
    • Fuller, V., & Li, T. (2006, August). RFC 4632: Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation Plan.
    • Stewart, R. (Ed.). (2007, September). RFC 4960: Stream Control Transmission Protocol.
    • Eddy, W. (2007, August). RFC 4987: TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common Mitigations.
    • RFC editor. (2008, May). RFC 5000: Internet Official Protocol Standards.
    • Li, A. (Ed.). (2007, December). RFC 5109: RTP Payload Format for Generic Forward Error Correction.
    • Simon, D., Aboba, B., & Hurst, R. (2008, March). RFC 5216: The EAP-TLS Authentication Protocol.
    • Thaler, D., & Aboba, B. (2008, July). RFC 5218: What Makes for a Successful Protocol?.
    • Klensin, J. (2008, October). RFC 5321: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
    • Resnick, P. (Ed.). (2008, October). RFC 5322: Internet Message Format.
    • Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., & Widmer, J. (2008, September). RFC 5348: TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification.
    • Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., & Wing, D. (2008, October). RFC 5389: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN).
    • Rosenberg, J. (2009, February). RFC 5411: A Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).
    • Allman, M., Paxson, V., & Blanton, E. (2009, September). RFC 5681: TCP Congestion Control.
    • Perkins, C. (Ed.). (2010, November). RFC 5944: IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised.
    • Barth, A. (2011, April). RFC 6265: HTTP State Management Mechanism.
    • Paxson, V., Allman, M., Chu, J., & Sargent, M. (2011, June). RFC 6298: Computing TCP’s Retransmission Timer.
    • Housley, R., Curran, J., Huston, G., & Conrad, D. (2013, August). RFC 7020: The Internet Numbers Registry System.
    • McPherson, D., Oran, D., Thaler, D., & Osterweil, E. (2014, January). RFC 7094: Architectural Considerations of IP Anycast.
    • Borman, D., Braden, R., Jacobson, V., & Scheffenegger, R. (Ed.). (2014, September). RFC 7323: TCP Extensions for High Performance.
    • Belshe, M., Peon, R., & Thomson, M. (Eds.). (2015, May). RFC 7540: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2).
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